Near infrared doped phosphors having an alkaline gallate matrix

ABSTRACT

Phosphors based on doping of an activator (an emitter) into a host matrix are disclosed herein. Such phosphors include alkaline gallate phosphors doped with Cr 3+  or Ni 2+  ions, which in some embodiments can exhibit persistent infrared phosphorescence for as long as 200 hours. Such phosphors can be used, for example, as components of a luminescent paint.

The present application is the §371 U.S. National Stage of International Application No. PCT/US2010/049631, filed 21 Sep. 2010, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/244,258, filed Sep. 21, 2009, each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

GOVERNMENT FUNDING

The present invention was made with government support under Grant No. ONR N00014-07-1-0060 from the Office of Naval Research. The Government has certain rights in this invention.

BACKGROUND

Phosphorescence is a phenomenon that the light emitted by a phosphor lasts after stoppage of excitation for duration of time sufficient for light to be perceived by the eye or a detection system, i.e., 0.1 second or longer. Phosphorescence that lasts for several hours at room temperature is called long-persistent phosphorescence. A phosphor that has long-persistent phosphorescence is called a long-persistent phosphor, or a long-lasting phosphor, or a long-afterglow phosphor.

Persistent phosphorescence was discovered in the 11^(th) century in China and Japan and in the 16^(th) century in Europe. In persistent phosphors, two kinds of active centers are involved: emitters and traps. Emitters are centers capable of emitting radiation after being excited. Traps do not emit radiation, but store excitation energy by trapping electrons and holes and release it gradually to the emitter due to thermal stimulation. Emitters are usually a small amount of intentionally added impurity atoms or ions. Co-activators are often intentionally added to form new trapping centers to improve the persistence time and intensity of the phosphors.

The importance of persistent phosphorescence was recognized since 1960s, and various persistent phosphors in the visible spectrum have been developed since then. Known in the art of long-persistent phosphors are sulfides, aluminates, and silicates.

The first generation long-persistent phosphors, sulfides [such as ZnS:Cu (green), CaS:Bi (blue), and CaS:Eu,Tm (red)] have been practically used for several decades. The disadvantages for sulfide phosphors include short persistence duration (e.g., three hours at the longest) and instability when ultraviolet light and moisture coexist. For these reasons, the sulfides have found only limited applications such as in luminous watch and night-time display inside a house.

Recently, aluminate-based long-persistent phosphors attracted considerable attention because of their better chemical stability, higher brightness, and longer persistence time (e.g., up to 20 hours) compared to the sulfide-based phosphors. Aluminate-based long-persistent phosphors are available in green and blue regions. The popular green aluminate phosphors include SrAl₂O₄:Eu²⁺ and SrAl₂O₄:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺. Known blue aluminate persistent phosphors include CaAl₂O₄:Eu²⁺,Nd³⁺ and SrAl₄O₇:Eu²⁺,Pr³⁺/Dy³⁺. The main drawback of these alkaline earth aluminates is that when they contact with moisture and water, hydrolysis reaction occurs quickly, which limits the out-door applications of these phosphors.

Another popular long-persistent phosphor is silicates, which are potential alternatives for the aluminates. The silicate-based phosphors include (Sr_(2-x),Ca_(x))MgSi₂O₇:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺ with emission tunable from cyan to blue, green, and to yellow; Ca₃MgSi₂O₈:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺ with afterglow band at 475 nm; MgSiO₃:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺,Mn²⁺ with emission at 660 nm; and Ca_(0.2)Zn_(0.9)Mg_(0.9)Si₂O₆:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺,Mn²⁺ with emission at 690 nm.

From the above list, it can be seen that all the persistent phosphors developed up to now are in the visible region. The longest wavelength is in red at 690 nm (Ca_(0.2)Zn_(0.9)Mg_(0.9)Si₂O₆:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺,Mn²⁺). Some of these visible persistent phosphors (such as SrAl₂O₄:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺) have been commercialized and widely used for security signs, emergency signs, safety indication, indicators of control panels, and detection of high energy rays, and so on. In contrast, no persistent phosphors in the infrared or near infrared region are available in market.

Infrared or near infrared long-persistent phosphors have gained considerable attention in recent years because of strong military and security demands. For surveillance in night or dark environments, infrared or near infrared emitting taggants are generally used for tagging, tracking, and locating the targets of interest. For practical military and security applications, it is desirable for the taggants to possess one or more of the following characteristics. (1) The emission from the taggants should be in infrared or near infrared spectrum, which is invisible to naked eyes but is detectable to specific infrared detection devices (such as night vision goggles) from far distance. (2) The infrared or near infrared emission from the taggants should be persistent for more than 10 hours (overnight) without additional charging (excitation). Ideally, the taggants can be repeatedly charged by solar radiation in daytime. (3) The taggants should be stable enough to withstand various out-door application environments including applications in water. (4) The taggants should be able to be inserted almost anywhere, including into liquid solution, dyes, paints, inks, epoxies, and sol-gel, which can then be coated onto almost any surface for concealment. (5) The production of the phosphors should be easy and cheap. Unfortunately, up to now, no such infrared or near infrared taggants have been available.

In design of infrared or near infrared phosphors, transition metal chromium in trivalent state (i.e., Cr³⁺) and nickel in divalent state (Ni²⁺) were widely used as the luminescent centers. Chromium can emit a narrow luminescence band around 696 nm due to the transition of ²E→⁴A₂, or a wide band in the near infrared region related to the transition of ⁴T₂→⁴A₂, which strongly depend on the crystalline field strength of the host. When crystal field is strong, the first excited state will be ²E term and causes luminescence properties of the materials like in Al₂O₃ (ruby). In weak crystal field, ⁴T₂ term will become lowest excited state and causes broad band emission like in BeAl₂O₄ (alexandrite). Since the ²E→⁴A₂ transition is a spin-forbidden transition, the lifetime is of the order of milliseconds. On the other hand, the lifetime of wide band emission, which is spin-allowed, is around microseconds. Nickel has a complicated emission spectrum due to the appearance of emission transitions from more than one level. The emission spectra of Ni²⁺ in the octahedral site for garnets such as Y₃Al₅O₁₂ and Gd₃Sc₂Ga₃O₁₂ consists of three bands in near infrared due to ³T₂→³A₂ transition. At room temperature, the bands are broad with a maximum at 1360 nm in Y₃Al₅O₁₂, 1450 nm in Gd₃Sc₂Ga₃O₁₂, and 1200 nm in MgAl₂O₄.

It has been reported that some Cr³⁺ doped gallates showed strong emission in the infrared. The reported gallates include La₃Ga₅GeO₁₄:Cr³⁺, La₃Ga₅SiO₁₄:Cr³⁺, Li(Ga,Al)₅O₈:Cr³⁺, and MgGa₂O₄:Cr³⁺. But no afterglow phenomenon was reported.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a phosphor including a material having one or more of the following formulas: AGa₅O₈:xC, yR; and AGaO₂: xC, yR, wherein a portion of Ga may optionally be replaced with a Group IIIA metal (e.g., B, Al, and/or In) and/or a Group IVA metal (e.g., Ge, Si, and/or Sn); and wherein each A is independently an alkaline metal (e.g., Li, Na, and/or K); each C is independently Cr³⁺, Ni²⁺, or a combination thereof; each R is independently a Zn²⁺ ion, an alkaline earth metal ion (e.g., Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, and/or Ba²⁺), or a combination thereof; each x is independently 0.01 to 5 and represents mol % based on the total moles of Ga and any replacements thereof; and each y is independently 0 to 5 and represents mol % based on the total moles of Ga and any replacements thereof. In some preferred embodiments, each x is independently 0.05 to 0.5 and represents mol % based on the total moles of Ga and any replacements thereof. In other preferred embodiments, each y is independently 0.1 to 2 and represents mol % based on the total moles of Ga and any replacements thereof. For embodiments in which C is Cr³⁺, the phosphor can have emission band peaks at 690 to 1100 nm. For embodiments in which C is Ni²⁺, the phosphor can have emission band peaks at 1100 to 1550 nm. For embodiments in which C is a combination of Cr³⁺ and Ni²⁺, the phosphor can have emission band peaks at 690 to 1100 nm and 1100 to 1550 nm.

In certain embodiments, a phosphor as disclosed herein can be capable of being activated by one or more of solar radiation, ultraviolet lamp, fluorescent lamp, and light emitting diode (LED) light. In some embodiments, the solar radiation includes diffused light and direct sunlight in an outdoor environment (e.g., a sunny day, a cloudy day, or a rainy day) that may include an open area, a shadow of a tree, or a shadow of a building. In preferred embodiments, the phosphor is capable of being activated for a time between sunrise and sunset. In preferred embodiments, the phosphors disclosed herein can be quickly charged by solar radiation, ultraviolet light, and fluorescent lamp light: e.g., less than 1 minute of excitation can result in up to 200 hours of continuous near infrared emission.

In certain embodiments, a phosphor as disclosed herein can be capable of being activated in one or more of air, tap water, salt water, seawater, bleach water, and bleach-salt-sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) aqueous solution. In preferred embodiments, a phosphor as disclosed herein is chemically stable in one or more of air, tap water, salt water, seawater, bleach water, and bleach-salt-sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) aqueous solution.

In preferred embodiments, an emission from an activated phosphor as disclosed herein can persist for up to 200 hours after excitation.

A phosphor as disclosed herein can be in the form of, for example, a powder (e.g., typically a white powder), a ceramic, or nanoparticles. For embodiments in which the phosphor is a powder, the powder can be mixed with water-based or oil-based paints to form a luminescent paint. Water-based luminescent paints include, for example, general indoor-uses wall paints. Oil-based luminescent paints include, for example, oil-based resins (e.g., epoxy resins, polyurethane resins, polyester resins, acrylic acid resins, and/or hydroxyl acrylic acid resins) and/or varnishes (e.g., amino varnishes, acrylic polyurethane coatings, and/or transparent alkyd coatings). Such luminescent paints can be capable of being activated by, for example, one or more of solar radiation, an ultraviolet lamp, and a fluorescent lamp, and can have emission band peaks at 690 to 1100 nm for Cr³⁺-activated phosphors and/or 1100 to 1550 nm for Ni²⁺-activated phosphors. In preferred embodiments, the emission can persist for up to 200 hours after excitation. Thus, the present disclose provides luminescent paints that include phosphors as disclosed herein, which can provide the paints or inks with the function of near infrared luminescence in the dark.

The present disclosure also provides method of activating a phosphor. Such methods include providing a phosphor as disclosed herein and exposing the phosphor to one or more of solar radiation, an ultraviolet lamp, a fluorescent lamp, and a light emitting diode (LED) light.

The present disclosure also provides activated phosphors. The activated phosphors include a phosphor as disclosed herein that has been exposed to one or more of solar radiation, an ultraviolet lamp, a fluorescent lamp, and a light emitting diode (LED) light. In preferred embodiments, the activated phosphor has an emission that persists for up to 200 hours after excitation.

The phosphors disclosed herein can be used in a variety of applications, e.g., in luminous paints, as near infrared lighting sources, and for night vision devices and manufactures.

DEFINITIONS

As used herein, “a,” “an,” “the,” and “at least one” are used interchangeably and mean one or more than one.

As used herein, the term “comprising,” which is synonymous with “including” or “containing,” is inclusive, open-ended, and does not exclude additional unrecited elements or method steps.

In traditional definition, the persistence of phosphorescence of visible phosphors is measured as persistence time which is the time, after discontinuing irradiation, that it takes for phosphorescence of a sample to decrease to the threshold of eye sensitivity. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,953,536 B2 (Yen et al.). This threshold is the signal level of emission intensity that a naked eye can clearly see in the dark. For infrared phosphors, however, this definition is no longer valid because the infrared signal is invisible to unaided eye. The persistence time for infrared phosphors should then be determined by the sensitivity of the detection systems such as nigh vision goggles, infrared cameras, or infrared detectors. As used herein, the persistence time of infrared phosphors is the time that it takes for an eye can see with the aid of a Generation III night vision goggle in a dark room. In addition, the decay of the phosphorescence intensity is measured by a FluoroLog3-2iHR320 spectrofluorometer.

The above brief description of various embodiments of the present invention is not intended to describe each embodiment or every implementation of the present invention. Rather, a more complete understanding of the invention will become apparent and appreciated by reference to the following description and claims in view of the accompanying drawings. Further, it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the excitation and emission of exemplary LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺ phosphors where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 717 nm.

FIG. 2 shows the excitation and emission of exemplary LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺ phosphors detected by a GaInAs infrared detector where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 910 nm.

FIG. 3 shows the decay curves of the afterglow (at 717 nm and 910 nm) of exemplary LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺ exposed to a 4-W 254-nm ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes.

FIG. 4 shows the x-ay diffraction pattern of exemplary LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺ phosphors.

FIG. 5( a) shows the near infrared images of the afterglow of exemplary LiGa₅O₈:Cr³⁺,R²⁺ phosphor disks after exposure to a 4-W 254-nm ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes. The afterglow can last more than 100 hours. FIG. 5( b) is the digital images showing the change of afterglow brightness with lasting time.

FIG. 6 shows the excitation and emission of exemplary LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphors where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 717 nm.

FIG. 7 shows the excitation and emission of exemplary LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphors detected by a GaInAs infrared detector where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 910 nm.

FIG. 8 shows the decay curves of the afterglow (at 717 nm and 910 nm) of exemplary LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ exposed to a 4-W 254-nm ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes.

FIG. 9 shows the near infrared images of the afterglow of exemplary LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphor disks exposed to sunlight for 5 minutes, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes. The afterglow can last more than 100 hours.

FIG. 10 shows the near infrared images of the afterglow of exemplary LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphor disks with diameters of 15 mm, 40 mm, and 55 mm exposed to solar radiation for 5 minutes on a cloudy day.

FIG. 11 shows the near infrared images of exemplary LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphor disks which were exposed to sunlight for 5 minutes and then were immersed into salt (NaCl) water. The phosphorescence of the disks in salt water can last more than 100 hours.

FIG. 12 shows the near infrared images of exemplary LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphor disks activated by solar radiation in sunlight for 5 minutes when they were immersed in tap water (FIG. 12 a) and a NaCl-bleach-bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) aqueous solution (FIG. 12 b).

FIG. 13 shows the decay curves of the afterglow (at 717 nm) of exemplary LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ exposed for 5 minutes to ultraviolet light, sunlight (in sunny day), and diffused solar radiation (in rainy day).

FIG. 14 shows the decay curves of the afterglow (at 717 nm) of exemplary LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ exposed for 5 minutes to ultraviolet light and sunlight when they were immersed in tap water and salt water.

FIG. 15 shows the near infrared images of ONR and UGA logos drawn with exemplary LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺-containing paint. The logos were activated by a 254 nm lamp for 5 minutes.

FIG. 16 shows the near infrared images of ONR and UGA logos drawn with exemplary LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺-containing paint. The logos were activated by sunlight for 5 minutes.

FIG. 17 shows the excitation and emission of exemplary LiAlGa₄O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphors where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 717 nm.

FIG. 18 shows the excitation and emission of exemplary LiAlGa₄O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphors detected by a GaInAs infrared detector where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 910 nm.

FIG. 19 shows the decay curves of the afterglow (at 717 nm and 910 nm) of exemplary LiAlGa₄O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ exposed to a 4-W 254-nm ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes.

FIG. 20 shows the excitation and emission of exemplary LiGa₄GeO_(8.5):0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphors where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 717 nm.

FIG. 21 shows the excitation and emission of exemplary LiGa₄GeO_(8.5):0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphors detected by a GaInAs infrared detector where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 910 nm.

FIG. 22 shows the decay curves of the afterglow (at 717 nm and 910 nm) of exemplary LiGa₄GeO_(8.5):0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ exposed to a 4-W 254-nm ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes.

FIG. 23 shows the excitation and emission of exemplary LiGa₅O₈:0.001Ni²⁺ phosphors detected by a GaInAs infrared detector where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 1258 nm.

FIG. 24 shows the decay curve of the afterglow (at 1258 nm) of exemplary LiGa₅O₈:0.001Ni²⁺ exposed to a 4-W 254-nm wavelength ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes.

FIG. 25 shows the excitation and emission of exemplary LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.001Ni²⁺ phosphors where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 717 nm.

FIG. 26 shows the excitation and emission of exemplary LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.001Ni²⁺ phosphors detected by a GaInAs infrared detector where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 1258 nm.

FIG. 27 shows the decay curves of the afterglow (at 717 nm and 1258 nm) of exemplary LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.001Ni²⁺ exposed to a 4-W 254-nm ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes.

FIG. 28 shows the excitation and emission of exemplary NaGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺ phosphors where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 728 nm.

FIG. 29 shows the excitation and emission of exemplary NaGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺ phosphors detected by a GaInAs infrared detector where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 910 nm.

FIG. 30 shows the decay curves of the afterglow (at 728 nm and 910 nm) of exemplary NaGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺ exposed to a 4-W 254-nm wavelength ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes.

FIG. 31 shows the excitation and emission of exemplary KGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺ phosphors where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 717 nm.

FIG. 32 shows the excitation and emission of exemplary KGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺ phosphors detected by a GaInAs infrared detector where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 910 nm.

FIG. 33 shows the decay curves of the afterglow (at 717 nm and 910 nm) of exemplary KGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺ exposed to a 4-W 254-nm wavelength ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes.

FIG. 34 shows the excitation and emission of exemplary LiGaO₂:0.001Cr³⁺ phosphors where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 717 nm.

FIG. 35 shows the excitation and emission of exemplary LiGaO₂:0.001Cr³⁺ phosphors detected by a GaInAs infrared detector where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 1240 nm.

FIG. 36 shows the decay curves of the afterglow (at 717 nm and 1240 nm) of exemplary LiGaO₂:0.001Cr³⁺ exposed to a 4 W 254 nm wavelength ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes.

FIG. 37 shows the x-ay diffraction pattern of exemplary LiGaO₂:0.001Cr³⁺ sample.

FIG. 38 shows the excitation and emission of exemplary LiGaO₂:0.001Cr³⁺,0.001Ni²⁺ phosphors where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 717 nm.

FIG. 39 shows the excitation and emission of exemplary LiGaO₂:0.001Cr³⁺,0.001Ni²⁺ phosphors detected by a GaInAs infrared detector where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 1258 nm.

FIG. 40 shows the decay curves of the afterglow (at 717 nm and 1258 nm) of exemplary LiGaO₂:0.001Cr³⁺,0.001Ni²⁺ exposed to a 4 W 254 nm wavelength ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes.

FIG. 41 shows the scanning electron microscope image of exemplary LiGa₅O₈:Cr³⁺ nanophosphors synthesized by a sol-gel method.

FIG. 42 shows the decay curve of the afterglow (at 717 nm) of exemplary LiGa₅O₈:Cr³⁺ nanophosphors exposed to a 4-W 254 nm ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes.

FIG. 43 shows the images of afterglow of exemplary LiGa₅O₈:Cr³⁺ nanoparticles exposed to a 4-W 254 nm ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

This disclosure relates to long-persistent near infrared phosphors. Phosphors disclosed herein are based on doping of an activator (an emitter) into a host matrix. In particular, the compositions include alkaline gallate phosphors doped with Cr³⁺ or Ni²⁺ ions with persistent infrared phosphorescence as long as 200 hours. The wavelength of the emission peak can be 690 to 1100 nm (for Cr³⁺) or 1100 to 1550 nm (for Ni²⁺). The intensity of the afterglow and persistent time were improved by co-doping proper alkaline earth trapping ions.

The phosphors disclosed herein include an alkaline gallate matrix activated with Cr³⁺ or Ni²⁺ and codoped with certain alkaline earth metal ions or transition metal ions. The phosphors can be activated with 0.01 mol % to 5 mol % (preferably 0.1 mol % to 1.0 mol %) of Cr³⁺ or Ni²⁺ activators and codoped with 0 to 5 mol % (preferably 0 to 2.0 mol %) of at least one alkaline earth metal ion or Zn²⁺ ion. The activator and dopant concentration are measured in terms of mol % relative to Ga.

In one embodiment, the phosphors disclosed herein include a material having one or more of the following formulas: AGa₅O₈:xC, yR; and AGaO₂:xC, yR, wherein a portion of Ga may optionally be replaced with a Group IIIA metal (e.g., B, Al, and/or In) and/or a Group IVA metal (e.g., Ge, Si, and/or Sn); and wherein each A is independently an alkaline metal (e.g., Li, Na, and/or K); each C is independently Cr³⁺, Ni²⁺, or a combination thereof; each R is independently a Zn²⁺ ion, an alkaline earth metal ion (e.g., Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, and/or Ba²⁺), or a combination thereof; each x is independently 0.01 to 5 and represents mol % based on the total moles of Ga and any replacements thereof; and each y is independently 0 to 5 and represents mol % based on the total moles of Ga and any replacements thereof.

Preferred phosphors disclosed herein are those in which A is Li. Preferred phosphor hosts disclosed herein are therefore LiGa₅O₈ and LiGaO₂.

Phosphors disclosed herein are preferably activated with Cr³⁺ or Ni²⁺ and codoped with an alkaline earth metal ions or transition metal ions. The phosphors may be codoped with a single ion or a combination of such ions selected from the group of alkaline earth metal ions: Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺ and Ba²⁺ and the transition metal ion Zn²⁺. Codoping results in phosphors of improved brightness and persistence times.

Phosphors disclosed herein also include those in which Na⁺ or K⁺ is substituted for Li⁺ in the matrix material and in which Ga³⁺ is partially replaced with a Group IIIA metal ion (e.g., B³⁺, Al³⁺, or In³⁺) or a Group IVA metal ion (e.g., Si⁴⁺, Ge⁴⁺ or Sn⁴⁺) in the matrix. These substitutions are believed to effect charge compensation.

Phosphor materials disclosed herein can preferably exhibit superior phosphorescence intensity and long persistence of phosphorescence. Persistence of phosphorescence is estimated herein as persistence time which is the time after discontinuing irradiation that it takes for phosphorescence of a sample to decrease to the threshold of the sensitivity of a Generation III night vision goggles in the dark. The tendency of the phosphorescence decay is also assessed by a FuoroLog3-2iHR320 spectrofluorometer by following the phosphorescence intensity as a function of time. All the measurements and assessments were performed under identical conditions using the same detection systems. Materials disclosed herein can preferably exhibit persistence time up to 200 hours or more. It is generally the case that phosphors having longer persistence times are more preferred.

The hosts disclosed herein include alkaline gallates AGa₅O₈ and AGaO₂, where A is an alkaline metal Li, Na, or K. Hosts where A is Li are more preferred. The more preferred hosts are therefore lithium gallates LiGa₅O₈ and LiGaO₂. A slight excess over the stoichiometric amount of alkaline A (Li, Na and K) may be added to compensate for any A⁺ that may be evaporated during sintering.

The activator employed in the phosphors disclosed herein includes Cr³⁺ or Ni²⁺ or a combination of both. The Cr³⁺-activated phosphors have phosphorescent bands at 690-1100 nm. The adding of Ni²⁺ ion creates an emission band at 690-1100 nm. The concentration of the activator is provided with an amount which is sufficient to produce a phosphor having high phosphorescence intensity and long persistence time. The preferred concentration of the activator in the phosphors disclosed herein is 0.1 mol % to 1.0 mol %, which is measured in term of mol % relative to Ga.

This disclosure demonstrates that doping of an alkaline earth metal ion (e.g., Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺ and Ba²⁺) or Zn²⁺ ion into the host matrix disclosed herein can result in phosphors having improved phosphorescence brightness and persistence time. It is believed that these dopants can create proper trapping centers in the matrix, which can store excitation energy and release gradually to the emitter. Preferred for the hosts disclosed herein is doping with Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺ or Zn²⁺. The preferred concentration of the dopant is 0 to 2.0 mol %, which is measured in term of mol % relative to Ga.

Phosphors disclosed herein also include those in which a portion of Ga³⁺ in the host is replaced with a trivalent ion, such as Group IIIA metal ions (R³⁺) B³⁺, Al³⁺ or In³⁺, or a tetravalent ion, such as Group IVA metal ions (R⁴⁺) Si⁴⁺, Ge⁴⁺ or Sn⁴⁺. The more preferred trivalent ion is Al³⁺ and the more preferred tetravalent ion is Ge⁴⁺. The preferred R³⁺/Ga³⁺ or R⁴⁺/Ga³⁺ ratio is from 0.1 to 0.5. For Ga³⁺—R⁴⁺ substitution, the doping level is designed to compensate the charge effects which are induced due to substitution Ga³⁺ by R⁴⁺.

This disclosure exemplifies phosphors in powder and ceramic forms prepared by combing the host, activator and dopant. The phosphors disclosed herein can be made by the following general solid-state reaction method, preferably providing particles that are typically 10 micrometers or larger. The phosphor components are combined as indicated in stoichiometric formulas. The raw materials are mixed and ground to fine powder followed by preferring at 800-1000° C. in air for 2-5 hours. The prefired material is again ground to fine powder. The prefired powder is preferably pressed into ceramic disks with diameters varying from 15 mm to 70 mm. The powder or disks are then sintered at 1200-1400° C. for 2-6 hours in air.

The phosphors disclosed herein can also be made into nanoparticles by a sol-gel method using the following procedure. A solution of appropriate amount of host nitrates [LiNO₃ and Ga(NO₃)₃.6H₂O], activator nitrate [Cr(NO₃)₃.9H₂O], ethanol, glycerol, and citric acid (as chelant) was intimately stirred for 4 hours on a magnet stirrer. After gelation, the gel was heated at 60-80° C. to form dry gel followed by calcination at 600-900° C. for 2-6 hours. The obtained nanoparticles have diameters of 20-200 nm.

The phosphors disclosed herein can preferably be effectively activated by a wide range of excitation sources including solar radiation (including diffuse light), direct sunlight, ultraviolet lamp, fluorescent lamp, and LED light.

The phosphors disclosed herein can preferably be effectively activated by the above mentioned excitation sources in various medium including in air, tap water, salt water (same NaCl concentration as the sea water), bleach water, and bleach-salt-sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) aqueous solution. The samples excited in these aqueous medium preferably have similar excitation, emission, and persistence performance as those excited in air under the same excitation source.

The phosphors disclosed herein can preferably be effectively activated by solar radiation in various weathering conditions including in sunny day, partly cloudy day, heavy cloudy day, rainy day, and heavy rainy day.

The phosphors disclosed herein can preferably be effectively activated by solar radiation at any outdoor locations including in open area under any weathering conditions, in the shadow of trees, and in the shadow of buildings under any weathering conditions.

The phosphors disclosed herein can preferably be effectively activated by solar radiation at anytime of the day, including the moment before sunrise and after sunset, as long as the outside is visible.

The phosphors disclosed herein can preferably be quickly charged by the above mentioned excitation sources. For example, the energy stored during less than 1 minute of excitation by solar radiation and ultraviolet lamp can sustain up to 200 hours of continuous near infrared emission. Such charging (light absorption-light emission) can preferably be recycled indefinitely.

The phosphors disclosed herein are preferably extremely chemically stable in outdoor application environments including such severe environments as in water, sea water, swimming pool water, and sawing water. The samples immersed in the above water for six months can exhibit the same excitation, emission, and persistence performance as the fresh ones.

The powder phosphors disclosed herein can be incorporated into various water-based and oil-based paints to form near infrared luminescent paints or inks. This can preferably endow the paints or inks with the function of near infrared luminescence in the dark. The water-based paints are preferably regular indoor-used wall paints. The quantity of the phosphor powder added to the water-based paint is typically 10 wt. % to 50 wt. %, preferably 20 wt. % to 30 wt. %. The oil-based paints are mainly transparent or colorless resins and varnish. The preferred resins include epoxy resin, polyurethane resin, polyester resin, acrylic acid resin, and hydroxyl acrylic acid resin. The preferred varnish includes amino varnish, acrylic polyurethane coating, and transparent alkyd coating. The quantity of the phosphor powder added to the resins or varnish is typically 10 wt. % to 50 wt. %, preferably 20 wt. % to 30 wt. %.

In making the oil-based near infrared illuminating paints, organic solvent and auxiliary agents are usually added to improve the paint's viscosity and fluidity. The organic solvents can include monohydric alcohols (such as ethanol, methanol, and isopropyl alcohol) and glycols (such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol). The agents are mainly dispersing agents (such as methyl xylene solution) and sediment-free agents (such as silica fine powders).

For small amount of usage, the phosphor powders, organic solvent, and agents can be mixed manually using a glass rod. For large amount of usage, a high-speed mixer can be used to mix these components. The preferred mixing procedure using a mixer is as follows. A certain amount of resin (or varnish), organic solvent, and dispersing agent are added into a container before stirring. The mixer is then turned on and the sediment-free agent and phosphor powders are added slowly. The mixer continues to spin until the phosphor powders are uniformly dispersed in the paint.

The paints and inks can be applied to any surfaces including rocks, building walls, trees, highways, runways, planes, ships, vehicles, machines, clothes, helmets, weapons, boards, control panels, etc.

The phosphors disclosed herein can also preferably be incorporated into transparent silicone rubbers and plastics, endowing the rubbers and plastics with the function of near infrared luminescence in the dark. Significantly, the near infrared luminescent silicone rubbers can exhibit a good degree of deformability without cracking.

The phosphors disclosed herein can preferably be used as invisible (by naked eye) illumination source and identification markers in the dark for military, security, and forensic related applications. For example, the markers (combat ID) made from the phosphors disclosed herein can be attached onto the soldier's cloth or helmet, which can be recognized and monitored by a night vision goggles for tracking and locating purposes. The phosphors can be used either as solid ceramic or luminescent paints or inks.

The phosphors disclosed herein can also be used as identification markers in the dark for rescue purposes. For example, a wreckage ship painted with the phosphors-disclosed herein can be easily found with a night vision device from a rescue helicopter. Another example is mine rescue. The miners with their helmets and cloths painted with the phosphors disclosed herein can be easily searched with a night vision goggles.

Due to their superior capability in absorbing solar radiation and their ability in converting the solar energy into near infrared photons, the phosphors disclosed herein may also be used to improve the efficiency, effectiveness and productivity of the widely deployed Si solar cells. This is because the near infrared photons (from 690 nm to 1100 nm for Cr³⁺ activated phosphors, which corresponds to 1.1-1.8 eV in electron volts) emitted by the phosphors correspond to an optimum spectral response of the Si solar cells (band gap is approximately 1.1 eV). The possible routes include: (1) making cover glass that contains the phosphors disclosed herein; and (2) coating the cover glass and the silicon cell panels with the phosphors disclosed herein by sputtering coating.

The nanoparticles disclosed herein may be used as an optical probe for in vivo bio-imaging. Due to the long afterglow, the probes can be excited before injection. This can avoid the tissue autofluorescence under external illumination and thus can remove the background noise originating from the in situ excitation. In addition, the skin and tissues are transparent to near infrared light, allowing deep tissue imaging.

The following examples are offered to further illustrate various specific embodiments and techniques of the present invention. It should be understood, however, that many variations and modifications understood by those of ordinary skill in the art may be made while remaining within the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the scope of the invention is not intended to be limited by the following examples.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Method of Preparation of Near Infrared Phosphors with Host Materials AGa₅O₈ and AGaO₂ (where A is Li or Na or K)

Phosphor components are mixed according to the molar proportions in the following general recipes: For AGa₅O₈:1.10A₂CO₃+5.00Ga₂O₃ +xCr₂O₃(and/or NiO)+yRO For AGaO₂:1.10A₂CO₃+1.00Ga₂O₃ +xCr₂O₃(and/or NiO)+yRO where, preferably x=0.001 to 0.05 relative to Ga₂O₃ and more preferably x=0.001 to 0.01; y is a number ranging from 0 to 0.05 and preferably y=0 to 0.02; A is Li or Na or K. A slight excess over the stoichiometric amount of alkaline A (Li, Na and K) is added to compensate for any A⁺ that may be evaporated during sintering; RO is alkaline earth metal oxide (e.g., MgO, CaO, SrO, or BaO) or ZnO.

The mixture of components is milled or ground to form a homogeneous fine powder for prefixing. The mixed powder is then prefired at 900° C. in air for 2 hours. The pre-fired material is again ground to fine powder suitable for sintering. The prefired powder is preferably pressed into ceramic disks with diameters varying from 15 mm to 75 mm, preferably the diameter is 15 mm. The powder or disks are then sintered at 1300° C. in air for 2-6 hours. The resulting materials exhibit phosphor properties as described herein.

Example 2 Preparation and Characterization of LiGa₅O₈:Cr³⁺ Phosphors

LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺ phosphor was prepared by the general method of Example 1 mixing the components in the following molar proportions: 1.10Li₂CO₃+5.00Ga₂O₃+0.005Cr₂O₃ A slight excess over the stoichiometric amount of Li₂CO₃ was added to compensate for any Li⁺ that may have evaporated during sintering.

FIG. 1 presents the excitation and emission of LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺ phosphors where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 717 nm.

FIG. 2 shows the excitation and emission of LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺ phosphors detected by a GaInAs infrared detector where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 910 nm.

FIG. 3 shows the decay curves of the afterglow of LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺ exposed to a 4 W 254 nm wavelength ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes. The decays were monitored at 717 nm and 910 nm emissions.

FIG. 4 is the x-ay diffraction pattern of the LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺ sample.

Example 3 Preparation and Characterization of LiGa₅O₈:Cr³⁺,R²⁺ Phosphors

The methods and phosphors disclosed herein are specifically exemplified by preparation of LiGa₅O₈:Cr³⁺,R²⁺ (Cr³⁺ and R²⁺-co-doped lithium gallate) phosphors.

LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01R²⁺ phosphor was prepared by the general method of Example 1 mixing the components in the following molar proportions: 1.10Li₂CO₃+5.00Ga₂O₃+0.005Cr₂O₃+0.1RO where RO is an oxide selected from MgO, CaO, BaO, SrO, and ZnO. A slight excess over the stoichiometric amount of Li₂CO₃ was added to compensate for any Li⁺ that may have evaporated during sintering. The optical measurements were mainly carried out on the disk samples.

FIG. 5( a) is a digital image of eleven (11) LiGa₅O₈:Cr³⁺,R²⁺ and one (1) ZnGa₂O₄:Cr³⁺ (left top corner) phosphor disks (diameter: 15 mm) before excitation. The dopants R²⁺ include Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, and Zn²⁺. The sintering durations were 2 hours, 4 hours, and 6 hours. After 5 minutes excitation with a 254 nm ultraviolet lamp, these LiGa₅O₈:Cr³⁺,R²⁺ phosphor disks emit near infrared afterglow that can last more than 100 hours. FIG. 5( b) is the digital images showing the change of afterglow brightness with lasting time. The images were taken by a digital camera via a Generation III night vision monocular in a dark room. The number at the left top corner of each image is the time after which the image was taken. After 72 hours afterglow, the near infrared emission could still be clearly observed by the night vision monocular and captured by the digital camera. These images clearly show that co-doping of Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, or Zn²⁺ improves the phosphorescence brightness and persistent times. The best improvement was obtained with Ca²⁺ co-doping. The second best co-dopant is Mg²⁺ and the third best co-dopant is Zn²⁺.

The following descriptions in Example 3 focus on LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺.

FIG. 6 presents the excitation and emission of LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphors where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 717 nm.

FIG. 7 shows the excitation and emission of LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphors detected by a GaInAs infrared detector where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 910 nm.

FIG. 8 shows the decay curves of the afterglow of LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ exposed to a 4 W 254 nm wavelength ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes. The decays were monitored at 717 nm and 910 nm emissions.

FIG. 9 shows the images of the afterglow of six (6) LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphor disks (diameter: 15 mm) exposed to sunlight for 5 minutes, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes. The weather condition is fair sky/partly cloudy. The images were taken by a digital camera via a Generation III night vision monocular in a dark room. The number at the bottom right corner of each image is the time after which the image was taken. After 138 hours afterglow, the near infrared emission could still be clearly observed by the night vision monocular and captured by the digital camera. These images clearly show that the samples after 5 minutes, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes sunlight excitation have similar phosphorescence brightness and persistence times.

FIG. 10 shows the images of afterglow of three (3) LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphor disks with diameters of 15 mm, 40 mm, and 55 mm exposed to solar radiation for 5 minutes. The weather condition is cloudy.

The images were taken by a digital camera via a Generation III night vision monocular in a dark room. The number at the right top corner of each image is the time after which the image was taken. After 72 hours afterglow, the near infrared emission can still be clearly observed by the night vision monocular and captured by the digital camera. These images clearly show that the samples can be effectively excited by solar radiation even without direct sunlight and that the big and small samples have the same phosphorescence brightness and persistence times.

FIG. 11 shows the images of three (3) LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphor disks (diameter: 15 mm) which were exposed to sunlight for 5 minutes and then (5 minutes later) were immersed into salt (NaCl) water. The images were taken by a digital camera via a Generation III night vision monocular in a dark room. The concentration of NaCl in the salt water is 3.5%, which is the same as the salinity of the seawater. The phosphorescence of the disks in the salt water can be clearly seen after 100 hours of emission via a night vision monocular. No apparent corrosion was observed after 6 months of immersion in the salt water. The samples immersed in the salt water for six months exhibit the same excitation, emission, and persistence performance as the fresh ones.

FIG. 12 shows that the LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphor disks (diameter: 15 mm) can be effectively activated by solar radiation when they were immersed in tap water (FIG. 12 a) or a NaCl-bleach-bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) aqueous solution (FIG. 12 b). The exposure time under sunlight was 5 minutes. The aqueous solution was made by adding 20 drops of bleach, 5 grams of NaCl and 3 grams of NaHCO₃ into 75 ml tap water. To keep the solution in a basic pHs and oxidizing conditions, every week 20 drops of bleach and 1 gram of NaHCO₃ were added to compensate the evaporation loss. Every week, the samples together with the solution were taken out for recharging by sunlight for 5 minutes and the phosphorescence was imaged by a digital camera via a Generation III night vision monocular in a dark room. No apparent corrosion was observed after 4 months of immersion in the NaCl-bleach-NaHCO₃ aqueous solution. The samples immersed in the solution for four months exhibited the same excitation, emission, and persistence performance as the fresh ones.

FIG. 13 presents the decay curves of the afterglow of LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ exposed to different excitation conditions: (1) to a 4-W 254-nm wavelength ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes; (2) to direct sunlight for 5 minutes in a sunny day; and (3) to solar radiation (diffused light) for 5 minutes in a rainy day. The decays were monitored at 717 nm. Note that for ultraviolet lamp excitation, the measurement started immediately after the lamp was turned off. For solar radiation excitations, it took 2 minutes to bring the samples to the spectrometer for measurements. This experiment clearly shows that the LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphors can be efficiently activated by solar radiation even in rainy days.

FIG. 14 shows the decay curves of the afterglow of LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ exposed to different excitation sources and in different medium: (1) to a 4-W 254-nm wavelength ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes in tap water and salt water; and (2) to direct sunlight for 5 minutes in tap water and salt water. The samples were immersed in water for both excitation and emission measurements. The NaCl concentration in the salt water is 3.5%. Note that for ultraviolet lamp excitation, the measurement started immediately after the lamp was turned off. For solar radiation excitations, it took 2 minutes to bring the samples to the spectrometer for measurements. These experiments clearly show that the LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphors can be efficiently activated by both ultraviolet light and solar radiation even though they are immersed in tap water and salt water.

FIG. 15 shows the images of the logos of the Office of Naval Research (ONR) and the University of Georgia (UGA) written with the paint made from the LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphor powders with acrylic polyurethane varnish. The logos were exposed to a 254 nm ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes. The quantity of the phosphor powders in the varnish was 30 wt. %. The images were taken by a digital camera via a Generation III night vision monocular in a dark room. The logos can be clearly seen after 100 hours of emission via a night vision monocular.

FIG. 16 shows the images of the logos of the Office of Naval Research (ONR) and the University of Georgia (UGA) written with the paint made from the LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphor powders with acrylic polyurethane varnish. The logos were exposed to sunlight for 5 minutes. The quantity of the phosphor powders in the varnish was 30 wt. %. The images were taken by a digital camera via a Generation III night vision monocular in a dark room. The logos can be clearly seen after 100 hours of emission via a night vision monocular

Example 4 Preparation and Characterization of LiAlGa₄O₈:Cr³⁺,Ca²⁺ Phosphors

LiAlGa₄O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphor was prepared by the general method of Example 1 mixing the components in the following molar proportions: 1.10Li₂CO₃+4.00Ga₂O₃+1.00Al₂O₃+0.005Cr₂O₃+0.1CaO A slight excess over the stoichiometric amount of Li₂CO₃ was added to compensate for any Li⁺ that may have evaporated during sintering.

FIG. 17 presents the excitation and emission of LiAlGa₄O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphors where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 717 nm.

FIG. 18 shows the excitation and emission of LiAlGa₄O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphors detected by a GaInAs infrared detector where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 910 nm.

FIG. 19 shows the decay curves of the afterglow of LiAlGa₄O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ exposed to a 4-W 254-nm ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes. The decays were monitored at 717 nm and 910 nm emissions.

Example 5 Preparation and Characterization of Li₂Ga₈Ge₂O₁₇:Cr³⁺,Ca²⁺ Phosphors

Li₂Ga₈Ge₂O₁₇:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphor was prepared by the general method of Example 1 mixing the components in the following molar proportions: 1.10Li₂CO₃+4.00Ga₂O₃+1.00GeO₂+0.005Cr₂O₃+0.1CaO A slight excess over the stoichiometric amount of Li₂CO₃ was added to compensate for any Li⁺ that may have evaporated during sintering.

FIG. 20 presents the excitation and emission of Li₂Ga₈Ge₂O₁₇:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphors where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 717 nm.

FIG. 21 shows the excitation and emission of Li₂Ga₈Ge₂O₁₇:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ phosphors detected by a GaInAs infrared detector where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 910 nm.

FIG. 22 shows the decay curves of the afterglow of Li₂Ga₈Ge₂O₁₇:0.001Cr³⁺,0.01Ca²⁺ exposed to a 4-W 254-nm ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes. The decays were monitored at 717 nm and 910 nm emissions.

Example 6 Preparation and Characterization of LiGa₅O₈:Ni²⁺ Phosphors

LiGa₅O₈:0.001Ni²⁺ phosphor was prepared by the general method of Example 1 mixing the components in the following molar proportions: 1.10Li₂CO₃+5.00Ga₂O₃+0.01NiO A slight excess over the stoichiometric amount of Li₂CO₃ was added to compensate for any Li⁺ that may have evaporated during sintering.

FIG. 23 presents the excitation and emission of LiGa₅O₈:0.001Ni²⁺ phosphors detected by a GaInAs infrared detector where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 1258 nm.

FIG. 24 shows the decay curve of the afterglow of LiGa₅O₈:0.001Ni²⁺ exposed to a 4-W 254-nm ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes. The decays were monitored at 1258 nm emission.

Example 7 Preparation and Characterization of LiGa₅O₈:Cr³⁺,Ni²⁺ Phosphors

LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.001Ni²⁺ phosphor was prepared by the general method of Example 1 mixing the components in the following molar proportions: 1.10Li₂CO₃+5.00Ga₂O₃+0.005Cr₂O₃+0.01NiO A slight excess over the stoichiometric amount of Li₂CO₃ was added to compensate for any Li⁺ that may have evaporated during sintering.

FIG. 25 presents the excitation and emission of LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.001Ni²⁺ phosphors where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 717 nm. The 717 nm emission band is from the characteristic transition of Cr³⁺ ion.

FIG. 26 shows the excitation and emission of LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.001Ni²⁺ phosphors detected by a GaInAs infrared detector where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 1258 nm. The 1258 nm emission band is from the characteristic transition of Ni²⁺ ion.

FIG. 27 shows the decay curves of the afterglow of LiGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺,0.001Ni²⁺ exposed to a 4-W 254-nm ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes. The decays were monitored at 717 nm and 1258 nm emissions.

Example 8 Preparation and Characterization of NaGa₅O₈:Cr³⁺ Phosphors

NaGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺ phosphor was prepared by the general method of Example 1 except that the final sintering temperature was 1250° C. (to avoid melting of the material). The source components were mixed in the following molar proportions: 1.10NaHCO₃+5.00Ga₂O₃+0.005Cr₂O₃ A slight excess over the stoichiometric amount of NaHCO₃ was added to compensate for any Na⁺ that may have evaporated during sintering.

FIG. 28 presents the excitation and emission of NaGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺ phosphors where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 728 nm. The emission band includes two peaks: 704 nm and 728 nm.

FIG. 29 shows the excitation and emission of NaGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺ phosphors detected by a GaInAs infrared detector where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 910 nm.

FIG. 30 shows the decay curves of the afterglow of NaGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺ exposed to a 4-W 254-nm ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes. The decays were monitored at 728 nm and 910 nm emissions.

Example 9 Preparation and Characterization of KGa₅O₈:Cr³⁺ Phosphors

KGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺ phosphor was prepared by the general method of Example 1 except that the final sintering temperature was 1275° C. (to avoid melting of the material). The source components were mixed in the following molar proportions: 1.10KHCO₃+5.00Ga₂O₃+0.005Cr₂O₃ A slight excess over the stoichiometric amount of KHCO₃ was added to compensate for any K⁺ that may have evaporated during sintering.

FIG. 31 presents the excitation and emission of KGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺ phosphors where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 717 nm. The emission band includes two peaks: 708 nm and 717 nm.

FIG. 32 shows the excitation and emission of KGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺ phosphors detected by a GaInAs infrared detector where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 910 nm.

FIG. 33 shows the decay curves of the afterglow of KGa₅O₈:0.001Cr³⁺ exposed to a 4-W 254-nm ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes. The decays were monitored at 717 nm and 910 nm emissions.

Example 10 Preparation and Characterization of LiGaO₂:Cr³⁺ Phosphors

LiGaO₂:0.001Cr³⁺ phosphor was prepared by the general method of Example 1 mixing the components in the following molar proportions: 1.10Li₂CO₃+1.00Ga₂O₃+0.001Cr₂O₃ A slight excess over the stoichiometric amount of Li₂CO₃ was added to compensate for any Li⁺ that may have evaporated during sintering

FIG. 34 presents the excitation and emission of LiGaO₂:0.001Cr³⁺ phosphors where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 717 nm.

FIG. 35 shows the excitation and emission of LiGaO₂:0.001Cr⁺ phosphors detected by a GaInAs infrared detector where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 1240 nm. The 1240 nm band is weak and broad.

FIG. 36 shows decay curves of the afterglow of LiGaO₂:0.001Cr³⁺ exposed to a 4 W 254 nm ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes. The decays were monitored at 717 nm and 1240 nm emissions.

FIG. 37 is the x-ay diffraction pattern of the LiGaO₂:0.001Cr³⁺ sample.

Example 11 Preparation and Characterization of LiGaO₂:Cr³⁺,Ni²⁺ Phosphors

LiGa)₂:0.001Cr³⁺,0.001Ni²⁺ phosphor was prepared by the general method of Example 1 mixing the components in the following molar proportions: 1.10Li₂CO₃+1.00Ga₂O₃+0.001Cr₂O₃+0.002NiO A slight excess over the stoichiometric amount of Li₂CO₃ was added to compensate for any Li⁺ that may have evaporated during sintering.

FIG. 38 presents the excitation and emission of LiGaO₂:0.001Cr³⁺,0.001Ni²⁺ phosphors where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 717 nm. The 717 nm emission band is from the characteristic transition of Cr³⁺ ion.

FIG. 39 shows the excitation and emission of LiGaO₂:0.001Cr³⁺,0.001Ni²⁺ phosphors detected by a GaInAs infrared detector where the excitation spectrum was monitored at 1258 nm. The 1258 nm emission band is from the characteristic transition of Ni²⁺ ion.

FIG. 40 shows the decay curves of the afterglow of LiGaO₂:0.001Cr³⁺,0.001Ni²⁺ exposed to a 4 W 254 nm ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes. The decays were monitored at 717 nm and 1258 nm emissions.

Example 12 Preparation and Characterization of LiGa₅O₈:Cr³⁺ Nanophosphors

The LiGa₅O₈:Cr³⁺ nanophosphors disclosed herein was synthesized by a sol-gel method using the following procedure. A solution of appropriate amount of host nitrates [LiNO₃ and Ga(NO₃)₃.6H₂O], activator nitrate [Cr(NO₃)₃.9H₂O], ethanol, glycerol, and citric acid (as chelant) was intimately stirred for 4 hours on a magnet stirrer. After gelation, the gel was heated at 60-80° C. to form dry gel followed by calcination at 600-900° C. for 2-6 hours.

FIG. 41 is the scanning electron microscope image of LiGa₅O₈:Cr³⁺ nanophosphors synthesized by a sol-gel method. The nanoparticles have diameters in the range of 20-200 nm.

FIG. 42 shows the decay curve of the afterglow of LiGa₅O₈:Cr³⁺ nanophosphors exposed to a 4-W 254 nm ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes. The decays were monitored at 717 nm.

FIG. 43 shows the images of afterglow of LiGa₅O₈:Cr³⁺ nanoparticles exposed to a 4-W 254 nm ultraviolet lamp for 5 minutes. The nanoparticles were placed at the bottom of a glass vial. The images were taken by a digital camera via a Generation III night vision monocular in a dark room. The time at the up right corner of each image is the time after which the image was taken. After 120 hours afterglow, the near infrared emission from the nanoparticles can still be clearly observed by the night vision monocular and captured by the digital camera.

The complete disclosures of the patents, patent documents, and publications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each were individually incorporated. Various modifications and alterations to this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of this invention. It should be understood that this invention is not intended to be unduly limited by the illustrative embodiments and examples set forth herein and that such examples and embodiments are presented by way of example only with the scope of the invention intended to be limited only by the claims set forth herein as follows. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A phosphor comprising a material having one or more of the following formulas: AGa₅O₈ :xC,yR;and AGaO₂ :xC,yR wherein a portion of Ga may optionally be replaced with a Group IIIA metal and/or a Group IVA metal; and wherein each A is independently an alkaline metal; each C is independently Cr³⁺, Ni²⁺, or a combination thereof; each R is independently a Zn²⁺ ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, or a combination thereof; each x is independently 0.01 to 5 and represents mol % based on the total moles of Ga and any replacements thereof; and each y is independently 0.1 to 2 and represents mol % based on the total moles of Ga and any replacements thereof.
 2. The phosphor of claim 1 wherein each A is independently selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, and combinations thereof.
 3. The phosphor of claim 1 wherein each x is independently 0.05 to 0.5 and represents mol % based on the total moles of Ga and any replacements thereof.
 4. The phosphor of claim 1 wherein each R is independently selected from the group consisting of Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Zn²⁺, and combinations thereof.
 5. The phosphor of claim 1 wherein each C is Cr³⁺.
 6. The phosphor of claim 5 having emission band peaks at 690 to 1100 nm.
 7. The phosphor of claim 1 wherein each C is Ni²⁺.
 8. The phosphor of claim 7 having emission band peaks at 1100 to 1550 nm.
 9. A phosphor comprising a material having one or more of the following formulas: AGa₅O₈ :xC,yR;and AGaO₂ :xC,yR wherein a portion of Ga may optionally be replaced with a Group IIIA metal and/or a Group IVA metal; and wherein each A is independently an alkaline metal; wherein each C is a combination of Cr³⁺ and Ni²⁺; each R is independently a Zn²⁺ ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, or a combination thereof; each x is independently 0.01 to 5 and represents mol % based on the total moles of Ga and any replacements thereof; and each y is independently 0 to 5 and represents mol % based on the total moles of Ga and any replacements thereof.
 10. The phosphor of claim 9 having emission band peaks at 690 to 1100 nm and 1100 to 1550 nm.
 11. The phosphor of claim 1 wherein a portion of Ga is substituted with a Group IIIA metal.
 12. The phosphor of claim 11 wherein the Group IIIA metal is selected from the group consisting of B, Al, In, and combinations thereof.
 13. A phosphor comprising a material having one or more of the following formulas: AGa₅O₈ :xC,yR;and AGaO₂ :xC,yR wherein a portion of Ga is substituted with a Group IVA metal; and wherein each A is independently an alkaline metal; each C is independently Cr³⁺, Ni²⁺, or a combination thereof; each R is independently a Zn²⁺ ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, or a combination thereof; each x is independently 0.01 to 5 and represents mol % based on the total moles of Ga and any replacements thereof; and each y is independently 0 to 5 and represents mol % based on the total moles of Ga and any replacements thereof.
 14. The phosphor of claim 13 wherein the Group IVA metal is selected from the group consisting of Ge, Si, Sn, and combinations thereof.
 15. The phosphor of claim 1 wherein an emission persists for up to 200 hours after excitation.
 16. The phosphor of claim 1 wherein the phosphor is chemically stable in one or more of air, tap water, salt water, seawater, bleach water, and bleach-salt-sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) aqueous solution.
 17. A luminescent paint comprising a phosphor comprising a material having one or more of the following formulas: AGa₅O₈ :xC,yR;and AGaO₂ :xC,yR wherein a portion of Ga may optionally be replaced with a Group IIIA metal and/or a Group IVA metal; and wherein each A is independently an alkaline metal; each C is independently Cr³⁺, Ni²⁺, or a combination thereof; each R is independently a Zn²⁺ ion, an alkaline earth metal ion, or a combination thereof; each x is independently 0.01 to 5 and represents mol % based on the total moles of Ga and any replacements thereof; and each y is independently 0 to 5 and represents mol % based on the total moles of Ga and any replacements thereof.
 18. A method of activating a phosphor comprising: providing a phosphor according to claim 1; and exposing the phosphor to one or more of solar radiation, an ultraviolet lamp, a fluorescent lamp, and a light emitting diode (LED) light.
 19. An activated phosphor comprising a phosphor according to claim 1 that has been exposed to one or more of solar radiation, an ultraviolet lamp, a fluorescent lamp, and a light emitting diode (LED) light, and wherein the activated phosphor has an emission that persists for up to 200 hours after excitation. 